γδ T lymphocytes are commonly viewed as embracing properties of both adaptive and innate immunity. Contributing to this is their responsiveness to pathogen products, either with or without the involvement of the TCR and its coreceptors. This study clarifies this paradoxical behavior by showing that these two modes of responsiveness are the properties of two discrete sets of murine lymphoid γδ T cells. Thus, MyD88 deficiency severely impaired the response to malaria infection of CD27 (−), IL-17A–producing γδ T cells, but not of IFN-γ–producing γδ cells. Instead, the latter compartment was severely contracted by ablating CD27, which synergizes with TCRγδ in the induction of antiapoptotic mediators and cell cycle-promoting genes in CD27 (+), IFN-γ–secreting γδ T cells. Hence, innate versus adaptive receptors differentially control the peripheral pool sizes of discrete proinflammatory γδ T cell subsets during immune responses to infection.