Ejaculated semen is washed for in vitro fertilization or diluted and processed to allow optimal
and long-term low temperature liquid-and cryo-preservation. However, sperm are vulnerable
to the washing, dilution, temperature and osmotic changes involved in sperm storage. In this
review, a number of techniques are considered for detecting damaged spermatozoa.
Staining protocols have been developed to detect the membrane and organelle integrity of
mammalian sperm cells. Plasma membrane integrity is usually assessed after staining cells …