Mechanisms of opioid-induced pain and antinociceptive tolerance: descending facilitation and spinal dynorphin
TW Vanderah, MH Ossipov, J Lai, TP Malan Jr… - Pain, 2001 - Elsevier
Although opioid analgesic tolerance is recognized experimentally and clinically (Foley
1995), the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unknown. At the
physiological level, tolerance to opioid antinociception can be blocked or prevented by
inhibition of many diverse endogenous transmitter and receptor systems. Among the many
different substances that have been shown to prevent and/or reverse opioid antinociceptive
tolerance, perhaps the most well studied are NMDA receptor antagonists (eg Trujillo and …
1995), the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unknown. At the
physiological level, tolerance to opioid antinociception can be blocked or prevented by
inhibition of many diverse endogenous transmitter and receptor systems. Among the many
different substances that have been shown to prevent and/or reverse opioid antinociceptive
tolerance, perhaps the most well studied are NMDA receptor antagonists (eg Trujillo and …
